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Linn- Not Exactly a Calligrapher

November 20, 2016 by Matt Fay

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The letter that I was transcribing from James Linn was written to his brother.  He writes about his regiment as well as his own feelings that he is experiencing about the war.  He also requests more stamps from his brother because he was unable to get them at the time.  I notice a general feeling of anxiousness in his letters.  He seems like he is awaiting some closure.  He outright says that he and his regiment are anxious in my letter.  He also seems like he is awaiting closure when he talks of a siege of Camden that his regiment was thanked for.

The first words of the letter were illegible to me until the final day of transcription and there are still many words that I have not been able to transcribe.  “I expected” was read to me as “Sephora”.  This is a great example of the trouble that was had during the process of transcribing each word.  As context built and handwriting patters emerged, more and more words became clear.  What also became clear was James Linn’s story.

Using zoom tools on the computer was not enough.  We set out to the archives to get another perspective on these letters.  Immediately I saw a difference.  There was a crisper, more readable letter that I was able to hold in my hands.  I was able to lean my head closer or further away to get a better look at a word.  I could use a physical magnifying glass to look at each word individually as well as reread the letter a few times to look at the context.  One of the biggest discoveries that I made were recognizing words such as “that”, “their”, and “them”.  I struggled to identify these words an awful lot until we went into the archive and looked at the physical letters.  Once I recognized these words, I was also able to distinguish other words that contained a “th” in it from those that did not.

I think that if the Linn archives were not at Bucknell, I would have had to make a much larger effort to transcribe his letter.  I may have had to do some research into handwriting analysis and collaborate with other transcribers to understand the process.  The archive allowed me to skip that extra work, which I think is good because it is more efficient to have done it this way because I only needed to transcribe the one letter.

Filed Under: Reflection #3, Reflections

James Merrill Linn: Town Hero

November 19, 2016 by Julia

Fortunately, James Merrill Linn’s handwriting and I share some history, so I did not have as difficult of a time transcribing his writing this time around. I transcribed two letters, one to his brother and one to the Lewisburg Chronicle. I think it is fascinating to have to basically decode a letter in order to read it. I really enjoyed transcribing the letter to the Chronicle in particular because it was different from his journals and letters I had read in the past. While I would consider myself a sufficient subscriber, there were still many words and phrases that were indecipherable. I discovered a range of solutions to my problems. First, I would search the letters I could read into Google. This worked maybe 20% of the time to find the word that I was searching for. This is one example where I screen-shot-2016-11-18-at-8-59-53-pmknew it was a name but could not figure out every letter to get the correct name. So I searched “Beauveyard” into Google, where it suggested searching for “Beauregard” instead. It turns out that he was a famous Southern military officer, and was the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. Another way I discovered a word was with the help of my peers. They proved incredibly helpful many times because they provided a fresh set of eyes or had seen the same word in their letter. If none of these ways worked I forfeited and marked it up as unreadable.

Thankfully the Linn letters are located in the Archives, because in the end it is helpful to have the option of seeing them in person. I thought it was beneficial to have the option of looking at the physical letter with a magnifying glass, or zooming in on the photo of the letter screen-shot-2016-11-18-at-9-22-52-pmon my computer. I found that both ways were equally helpful. Sometimes the computer image would blur the word too much that I could not see the one line that was necessary to decipher the word. On the other hand, it was helpful to have it on the computer because I could zoom in as close as I wanted. I also liked transcribing from the computer image because I would constantly lose my spot in his letter when looking at in while in the Archives.

Interestingly, the letter that James wrote to the Lewisburg Chronicle is very dissimilar to his journal entry written on the same date. Linn wrote his journal solely for himself, assuming that he would be the only one to read them, so he wrote about his personal experiences, rather than what was going on in the war. His letter to the Lewisburg Chronicle was meant for the whole public to have read. This is why he wrote about where they were going, the Colonels and officers he encountered, and their battles. He wrote about the batteries, the rebels, and the swamps they had to wade through rather than about the weather because that is what the people of Lewisburg would have preferred to read about.

Filed Under: Reflection #3, Reflections Tagged With: Archives, Civil War, digital, james merrill linn, lewisburg chronicle, material

Letter Transcription

November 18, 2016 by Jingya Wu

This is the first time for me to actually read and even to transcribe a manuscript. As a non-native English speaker, it is particular difficult for me to understand the writings. For instance, when I don’t know a word, there is no way for me to figure out the handwriting version of that word. This happened very frequently when my group was doing the first transcription together. In addition, there are many person names and place names, which made the process even harder and more frustrating. During the group transcription, I relied a lot on the other group members, and was obviously slower than how they were moving forward. When I tried to do my own transcription, I had to look back to the transcribed letter that my group did in class and compare to the manuscript to see how he wrote each letter. It was such a pain and thus I decided to use a letter transcribed by Professor Jakacki. The mark-up process was so much better. It helped me a lot to better understand the letter and his writing style, and thus was very helpful for me to understand his experience during the war.

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Being in the Archives changed my first impression on these manuscripts. When I first saw those digital manuscripts, the first word that came to my mind was messy, and I didn’t find their handwritings beautiful at all. However, when I actually got to hold the real letter, I was really surprised by the quality of Merrill’s handwriting. The texture of the paper was decent, and the cursive handwriting was extremely beautiful. I would be way less frustrated with the transcription  assignment if I was using the real letter. For me, the real letter is a lot cleaner and easier to read. However, it is not possible to give everyone access to all manuscripts. Therefore, digital copies are necessary to spread the information. If I did not have access to the paper copy, I will try to look for different versions of the digital copy online, since light and scanning technology can really affect the quality of a digital copy.

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In Merrill’s letter, he mentioned that he had a cold which was affecting him a lot. While I was reading Merrill’s journal, I found that he caught the cold on the 25th, which is two days before he wrote the letter. The cold lasted for 4 days. In addition, I also noticed that when he was writing to himself, he included a lot more details than he wrote to others. For example, he mentioned the moss that he picked up when he first landed at Slocum creek in both the letter and his journal of the day. However, in the journal he included a lot more description about the moss, as well as the underlying meaning of this moss — his first encounter with the place.

Filed Under: Reflection #3, Reflections Tagged With: letter, transcription

The Linn Letter Process

November 18, 2016 by Dale Hartman

All of the transcription we have done in this unit has been very much a collaborative effort.  From the very first transcription activity we did, there wouldn’t have been much progress made had we been working alone and isolated.  More sets of eyes looking at a single line is one of the best ways to speed up the transcription process.  A lot of words can be recognized with just a simple look-over, but some words are more challenging to interpret.  The best method I’ve found for these words is to go through one character at a time and try to compare and transcribe each letter.  Generally, these problematic words arise when the start or the end of a word are hard to read, so getting the other part and making an educated guess is also a valid strategy.

The document transcribed from and the end result text marked up in TEI
The document transcribed from and the end result text marked up in TEI

There were a number of advantages to working with the actual documents in the Bucknell Archives.  The simple black and white scans we were using as the source of our transcriptions lost a lot of details that were in the original letters.  For instance, one word that was giving me trouble in the scanned document was something that looked like it should have been ‘had,’ but had way too many lines to be those three letters.  When I finally got to look at that part of the document in the archive, it became apparent that the word was indeed ‘had,’ but Linn had originally written ‘were’ there first, and changed the word to ‘had’ by writing over it.  This intricacy was lost in the monochrome black scan we were originally working with.  However, the processing that went into creating the digital scan did help to pull better information than the human eye could.  It’s easy to see bleed-through on the physical document, which made some words harder to read.  However, in the scan, this bleed-through was filtered out.

Here is the word in question, hard to decipher in the scan but easily understood when looking at the actual document.
Here is the word in question, hard to decipher in the scan but easily understood when looking at the actual document.

A lot of what Linn writes about in the March 2nd letter and journal entry are the same, the visit from Morris, learning of the occupation of Nashville, Memphis, and Savannah, etc.  He even describes these events in nearly the exact same words in both the letter and the journal.  However, in his journal, he noted that the instructions from Morris were against army orders.  This is not something he notified his brother of.  He also spent more time in his journal complaining about the little irritations of everyday life (poor weather, broken kitchen equipment).  In his letter home, he spent more time discussing the state of the war and world overall, talking about US relations with the Rebels, England, and Mexico.

Filed Under: Reflection #3, Reflections Tagged With: Archives, HTML, JML, Letters, transcription, XML

Linn and Me

November 18, 2016 by PJ Onusconich

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Although I didn’t do any transcribing of this letter in particular, the transcribing of letters with our teams in class was an incredibly frustrating experience. We were asking each other what we thought each word was and, for the majority of it all, had no idea what Linn’s words said. Having no experience with transcribing before, I can say that it felt like being thrown into a new game on the hardest difficulty while being blindfolded and having to use the controller with your feet. Needless to say, I felt very fortunate to have to transcribe my own letter; however, as I looked at the transcribed letter and compared it to the original, I was actually making out the words much better. This left me with an understanding that transcribing is really just a skill like any other that can be polished through experience. I’m sure if I ever do more in the future it would get less and less frustrating.

Visiting the Archives was a really cool experience. It was almost surreal how much easier it was to read the physical letter as opposed to the digital images of the letter. The words appeared to be so much clearer and using a magnifying glass to enlarge the words proved to be significantly more effective than zooming on a computer screen. As for the tradeoffs of each, obviously it is much more convenient to have the digital version due to its portability, but as already mentioned the quality is decreased. The physical copy is easier to read and clearer, but in order to transcribe, one would have to visit the archives and view the letter. So in the event that one does not have access to the archives, one would have to rely on the digital version for transcription or somehow get in contact with someone that works at the archives to assist with the transcription.

In regards to the topics of Linn’s journal versus this letter, it appears that the people surrounding him are the main subjects of his writing. There is no journal entry after the date of my letter, but as for the one before, he’s describing Captain Shawl and his drunkenness. In the letter I encoded, he writes about all of the men he knew that had died in the previous battle. This small sample of Linn’s writing that I have seems to indicate that he rarely writes regarding himself, which is interesting because he’s writing for himself but not about himself. Also, it feels like Linn’s writing doesn’t carry much emotion with it. Both the way he writes about Captain Shawl and his fallen comrades have very blunt, unemotional tones. It makes me wonder whether he was just an unemotional person or if he simply lacked the skills to fully convey his emotions through his writing.

Filed Under: Reflection #3, Reflections

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HUMN 271

Bertrand 012
TR 9:30-11:20am
Dr. Diane Jakacki

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